From these three forms, one may construct the complete conjugation. A sampling of modern English verbs descended from other OE Weak I verbs found in our lesson texts includes deem , greet , leave , name , seek , send , set , think , wend , and work. While conjugation tables like the above often attempt to list "all possible" forms of a verb, it is seldom the case that all such forms are attested in surviving OE texts. Rather, the forms are reconstructed using rules that have been deduced by [others] studying the verbs that are attested.
Often, therefore, ignorance is being obscured. It is also true that attested verb forms may demonstrate exceptions to the rules: real languages are never so simple as linguists would have them be! General Inquiries: Student Inquiries: Menu GIVE. Lehmann Our selection is drawn from the major Old English poem Beowulf. Courtesy of the British Library. Reading and Textual Analysis Our selection consists of the first 25 lines. Lo, we have heard of Spear-Danes in days of yore, of folk-kings' prowess, how the princes wrought deeds of valor.
Often Scyld Scefing wrested mead-benches from bands of enemies from many tribes -- terrified earls -- since first he was found abandoned. He received consolation for that. He grew under the heavens, thrived with honors until all peoples across the sea had to obey: pay him tribute. That was a good king! Then a child was born to him, a young man in the court; God sent him to the people for solace.
He perceived the dire distress which they suffered before, lordless for a long time. For that the Lord of Light, the Wielder of Glory, gave him worldly honor.
Beowulf was renowned; the fame of Scyld's son spread far in Danish lands. Thus should a young man accomplish good with splendid money-gifts while in his father's bosom, so that afterwards men stand by him, dear companions to serve the people when war comes. Causes the king untold agony for years. Is finally conquered by Beowulf, and dies of his wound.
Younger brother of Hrothgar. Kills his brother Herebeald accidentally. Is slain at Ravenswood, fighting against Ongentheow.
Was a source of great sorrow to his people. Ruled the Danes long and well. Succeeds his father, with Beowulf as regent. Is slain by the sons of Ohthere. Heort , Heorot. It is invaded by Grendel for twelve years. Finally cleansed by Beowulf, the Geat. It is called Heort on account of the hart-antlers which decorate it. Killed by Grendel just before Beowulf grappled with that monster.
Marries Wealhtheow, a Helming lady. Has two sons and a daughter. Is a typical Teutonic king, lavish of gifts. A devoted liegelord, as his lamentations over slain liegemen prove. Also very appreciative of kindness, as is shown by his loving gratitude to Beowulf. Gives Hengest a beautiful sword. Hygelac , Higelac. The son of their union is Heardred.
Is slain in a war with the Hugs, Franks, and Frisians combined. Beowulf is regent, and afterwards king of the Geats. There are some indications that she married Beowulf after she became a widow.
Marries the terrible Thrytho who is so strongly contrasted with Hygd. He is father of Eanmund and Eadgils. Married, perhaps, Elan, daughter of Healfdene. He dies, and his body is put on a vessel, and set adrift. He goes from Daneland just as he had come to it—in a bark. Known for her fierce and unwomanly disposition.
She is introduced as a contrast to the gentle Hygd, queen of Higelac. Taunts Beowulf for having taken part in the swimming-match. In the MS. Her queenly courtesy is well shown in the poem. Weohstan , or Wihstan. He remains faithful to Beowulf in the fatal struggle with the fire-drake. Would rather die than leave his lord in his dire emergency.
Ongentheow disables him, and is thereupon slain by Eofor. This means: From the obligations of clientage, my friend Beowulf, and for assistance thou hast sought us. The first passage v.
The second passage v. Translate then: Wouldst let the South-Danes themselves decide about their struggle with Grendel. With such collateral support as that afforded by B. The idiom above treated runs through A. The translation may be indicated as follows: Just as it is sad for an old man to see his son ride young on the gallows when he himself is uttering mournful measures, a sorrowful song, while his son hangs for a comfort to the raven, and he, old and infirm, cannot render him any kelp— he is constantly reminded, etc.
Several discrepancies and other oversights have been noticed in the H. Of these a good part were avoided by Harrison and Sharp, the American editors of Beowulf, in their last edition, The rest will, I hope, be noticed in their fourth edition. As, however, this book may fall into the hands of some who have no copy of the American edition, it seems best to notice all the principal oversights of the German editors. Forgeaf hilde-bille See H. Wunde The Project Gutenberg eBook of Beowulf.
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.
You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Beowulf leaves Dane-land.
Hrothgar weeps and laments at his departure. Heyne, M. Paderborn, Wackerbarth, A. The famous race of Spear-Danes. Long did rule them. Soothly to tell us, they in halls who reside, 4. God had perceived the malice-caused sorrow which they, lordless, had formerly long endured. Beowulf succeeds his father Scyld In the boroughs then Beowulf, bairn of the Scyldings,. Then the mighty war-spirit 1 endured for a season,.
A foe in the hall-building: this horrible stranger 2. Who 3 dwelt in the moor-fens, the marsh and the fastness;.
Grendel attacks the sleeping heroes When the sun was sunken, he set out to visit. Asleep after supper; sorrow the heroes, 1. Endless agony; hence it after 3 became. Since God did oppose him, not the throne could he touch, 5. God wished to make his visit fatal to him. Hrothgar sees no way of escape from the persecutions of Grendel.
Heard in his home: 1 of heroes then living. Nesses enormous : they were nearing the limits. At the end of the ocean. No low-ranking fellow 4 adorned with his weapons,. Another, that adopted by S. A third is: B. The H. The reading adopted by H. Translate : What warriors are ye, clad in armor, who have thus come bringing the foaming vessel over the water way, hither over the seas?
For some time on the wall I have been coast guard, etc. Beowulf courteously replies. The chief of the strangers rendered him answer,. If the anguish of sorrow should ever be lessened, 1. Firmly at anchor ; the boar-signs glistened 2. This is supported by t. The highway glistened with many-hued pebble,. Hrothgar remembers Beowulf as a youth, and also remembers his father.
Hrothgar answered, helm of the Scyldings:. Who valuable gift-gems of the Geatmen 1 carried. Hasten to bid them hither to speed them, 2. Foes I escaped from, where five 3 I had bound,. Boldly to swallow 4 them, as of yore he did often.
A head-watch to give me; 5 he will have me dripping. And dreary with gore, if death overtake me, 6. Find me my food.
Wood suggests: Thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head for Grendel will be a thorough undertaker ,—grim humor. This would make no essential change in the translation. In our translation, H. This agrees substantially with B. Hrothgar responds. Hrothgar discoursed, helm of the Scyldings:. Sit at the feast now, thy intents unto heroes, 2. Unferth, a thane of Hrothgar, is jealous of Beowulf, and undertakes to twit him.
Unferth spoke up, Ecglaf his son,. Opened the jousting the journey 1 of Beowulf,. But me did it fortune 1 to fell with my weapon. A fight was determined, 2 since the light of the sun they. Hrothgar retires. Then Hrothgar departed, his earl-throng attending him,.
No battle-skill 1 has he, that blows he should strike me,. He angrily bided the issue of battle. The latter takes the passage as meaning that Grendel, though mighty and formidable, has no skill in the art of war.
With all deference to this acute scholar, I must say that it seems to me that the poet is exhausting his resources to bring out clearly the supreme event on which the whole subsequent action turns. First, he Grendel came in the wan night ; second, he came from the moor ; third, he came to the hall. Time, place from which, place to which, are all given. Grendel comes from the fens.
Hardier hero, hall-thanes 1 more sturdy! Archwarders raging. Beowulf has no idea of letting Grendel live. Who with mirth 1 of mood malice no little. In the mist of the morning many a warrior. And seething with gore, welling with sword-blood; 1. Known for their excellence; oft a thane of the folk-lord, 2.
Well-honored weapon; the worm was slaughtered. Hrothgar discoursed to the hall-building went he,. He stood by the pillar, 1 saw the steep-rising hall-roof. Gory uptowered; grief had offfrightened 3. Heorot is adorned with hands. Then straight was ordered that Heorot inside 1.
Whoever will do it! The genitives in this case are partitive. And the atheling of earlmen to each of the heroes. That he nowise was able to offer resistance 1. The woe-stricken woman wept on his shoulder, 2. In measures lamented; upmounted the hero. The survivors go to Friesland, the home of Finn. Wholly unsundered; 1 of fatherland thought he. Could not bide in his bosom. Then the building was covered 2. The two passages become thus correlatives, the second a sequel of the first.
More gifts are offered Beowulf. A beaker was borne him, and bidding to quaff it. The bracteates and jewels, from the bright-shining city, 1. The 2 corpse of the king then came into charge of. The war-troops ready: well-drunken heroes, 3. To constantly keep them equipped for the battle, 4. TEST- Essay question.
Other questions- 1. How did the people act the same way we would today? How did the people act differently than we would today? Magic turns away swords.
Grendel dies- reason- "crossing" God. Horses: red, brown, pale yellow, with hard hooves. Didactic anecdotes- 'Good' king Siegmund, 'bad' -vain- king Hermod who only has courage.. Beowulf's "I wanted to be better. Then Hengest takes Finn's queen, Hnaf's sister, a willing prisoner, back to Denmark.
BeowfT2C Quiz: 1. Describe the events between Finn and Hengest in detail. How is this incident didactic? What seems to be the main reason Finn's group attacks Hnaf's group? What is the genealogy of the necklace? The queen, Welthow, asks Beowulf to protect her son. She is aware that her husband is older, her sons still young, and that there are those who would want the throne.
Hrothgar begins advice to Beowulf. Beowulf pledges to help Hrothgar and his son. More gifts given. Anecdote of Thrith, who has men who look at her executed Queen again serves drinks to 'men. Then he talks of politics- marrying off Hrothgar's daughter, Freaw, to Ingeld for peace, which Beowulf feels won't work.
Armor and [4] horses for Higlac, necklace and [3] horses for Higd. Note: We learn that Beowulf was scorned as a boy, thought of as 'slow' and lazy. Higlac gives him land and houses as thanks for a loyal follower of exceptional service.
After Higlac dies and his son, Herdred, is killed by the Swedes, Beowulf becomes the king for fifty years. The dragon awakes and is enraged at the theft and wants to 'take it out' on Beowulf's land and people. Makeup quiz for Finn episode quiz: 1.
Who is Thrith, and why is this character included in the story of Beowulf? Beowulf Test: Chapter [to p. What does Beowulf tell Higlac about Hrothgar's daughter? What does Beowulf do with the gifts he received from Hrothgar? How does Higlac respond [give details] to Beowulf's return? What parts of this section of the story make it seem an authentic tale of that time and place? OR What details might not a modern author know about? I decided to introduce the Norse gods to the students after they became comfortable with Beowulf as a book.
Since this was the first book of its type that the class had read, I felt that the task of having them remember the Norse gods, and then think about how they might have fit into the book would be too confusing.
Other teachers with different classes might decide differently with good results. How does Beowulf become king and how long does he rule? Describe the thief and what he finds. Describe the guardians of the treasure and their actions.
Heavy Duty discussion questions.. Perhaps have them discussed in groups. What did you find in the Norse myths that might have caused people to act as they did in Beowulf? What did you find in the myths that might have caused people in those times to act differently than you do? What beliefs do you live by. TODAY- what beliefs cause people to act 'differently' than you do. The warrior 'curses' the treasures, that 'no one living can enjoy them. Dragon pursues thief in vain..
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